Brittle Stars and Basket Stars

Brittle Stars and Basket Stars Theres no question as to how these creatures got their common names brittle stars and basket stars. Brittle stars have very fragile-looking, worm-like arms and basket stars have a series of branching arms resembling a basket. Both are echinoderms that belong to the Class Ophiuroidea, which contains thousands of species. Due to this classification, these animals are sometimes referred to as ophiuroids. The mouthful of a name Ophiuroidea comes from the Greek words ophis for snake and oura, meaning  tail - words that presumably refer to the animals snake-like arms. There are thought to be over 2,000 species of Ophiuroids.   A brittle star was the first deep-sea animal to be discovered. This occurred in 1818  when Sir John Ross dredged up a brittle star from Baffin Bay off Greenland.   Description These marine invertebrates are not true sea stars, but have a similar body plan, with 5 or more arms arranged around a central disc. The central disk of brittle stars and basket stars is very obvious, since the arms attach to the disc, rather than joining to each other at the base like they do in true sea stars. Brittle stars usually have 5, but may have up to 10 arms.   Basket stars have 5 arms that branch into many slender, highly mobile arms. The arms are covered with calcite plates or thick skin. The central disk of brittle stars and basket stars is usually relatively small, under one inch, and the whole organism itself may be under an inch in size. The arms of some species can be quite long, though, with some basket stars measuring over 3 feet across when their arms are extended. These very flexible animals can curl themselves into a tight ball when they are threatened or disturbed. The mouth is located on the animals underside (oral side).   These animals have a relatively simple digestive system that is made up of a short esophagus and a sac-like stomach.   Ophiuroids do not have an anus, so waste is eliminated through their mouth. Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Ophiuroidea Feeding Depending on the species, basket stars and brittle stars may be predators, actively feeding on small organisms, or may filter-feed by filtering organisms from the ocean water. They may feed on detritus and small oceanic organisms such as plankton and small mollusks. To move around, ophiuroids wriggle using their arms, rather than using the controlled movement of tube feet like true sea stars. Although ophiuroids have tube feet, the feet dont have suction cups. They are used more for smelling or sticking to small prey, than for locomotion.   Reproduction In most ophiuroid species, animals are separate sexes, although some species are hermaphroditic.   Brittle stars and basket stars reproduce sexually, by releasing eggs and sperm into the water, or asexually, through division and regeneration. A brittle star may purposely release an arm if it is being threatened by a predator - as long as a portion of the brittle stars central disc remains, it can regenerate a new arm fairly quickly. The stars gonads are located in the central disk in most species, but in some, they are located near the base of the arms.   Habitat and Distribution Ophiuroids occupy a wide range of habitats, from shallow  tide pools  to the  deep sea.  Many ophiuroids live on the ocean bottom or buried in mud. They may also live in crevices and holes or on host species such as corals, sea urchins, crinoids, sponges or even jellyfish. They are even found at hydrothermal vents.   Wherever they are, there are usually a lot of them, as they can live in dense concentrations.   They can be found in most oceans, even in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.   However, in terms of numbers of species, the Indo-Pacific region has the highest, with over 800 species. The Western Atlantic was second-highest, with over 300 species.   References and Further Information: Dubinsky, Z. and N. Stambler. 2010. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Springer Science Business Media. 552pp.Mah, C. 2009.   The Basics: How to Tell Sea Stars (Asteroids) from Brittle Stars (Ophiuroids).   The Echinoblog. Accessed April 28, 2016.Paterson, G.L.J. 1985. The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 49(1): 1-162.Stà ¶hr, S., O’Hara, T. Thuy, B. (Eds) 2016.  World Ophiuroidea Database. Accessed April 26, 2016.Stà ¶hr, S, OHara T.D.,, Thuy, B. 2012. Global Diversity of Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). PLoS ONE 7(3): e31940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031940University of California Museum of Paleontology.   Introduction to the Ophiuroidea. Accessed April 28, 2016.

Roman Gladiators, Their Arms, and Armor

Roman Gladiators, Their Arms, and Armor Much like todays football players or WWF wrestlers, Roman gladiators could win renown and fortune in the arenas. Modern sportsmen sign contracts; ancient ones made oaths. Injuries were common, and the life of a player was generally short. Unlike modern sports figures, however, gladiators were usually slaves or criminals: They were not expected to fight in wars or battles, but instead fought one-on-one (usually) as entertainment, in an arena. As a gladiator, a man could potentially raise his status and wealth if he was both popular and successful. Gladiators and Their Weapons Gladiators were often criminals and slaves, hired to provide entertainment in the Roman Circus or another arena.  There were many different types of gladiators, based on their clothing and weapons.  Weapons used by some gladiators included knives and swords, shields, and helmets.The use of the weapons was taught at a professional school called a ludus. Both the men and the weapons were owned (and rented out) by the head of the school.   Schools and Standing of the Gladiators Gladiators did not fight in the Roman army, but after the Spartacus revolt in 73 BCE, some were professionally trained to perform in the arena. Training schools (called ludus gladiatorius) taught prospective gladiators. The schools- and the gladiators themselves- were owned by a lanista, who would lease the men out for upcoming gladiatorial events. If a gladiator was killed during the battle, the lease would convert to a sale and the price might be as high as 50 times the rent. There were many types of gladiators in ancient Rome, and they were trained at the ludus by a specialist (doctores or magistrii) skilled in that form of fighting. Each type of gladiator had his own set of traditional weapons and armor. Some gladiators- like the Samnites- were named for opponents of the Romans; other types of gladiators, like the Provacator and Secutor, took their names from their functions: challenger and pursuer. Often, certain types of gladiators fought only specific foes, because the best type of entertainment was thought to be an evenly matched pair with contrasting fighting styles. Weapons and Armor of the Roman Gladiators Most of the information about Roman gladiators comes from Roman historians, as well as mosaics and tombstones. One source is the Oneirocritica of Artemidorus, a professional diviner of the second century CE Rome. Artemidorus interpreted dreams for Roman citizens, and a chapter of his book discusses what a mans dream of fighting with a specific gladiator type implies about the wife he is going to marry. There were four principal classes of Roman gladiator: Samnites, Thraex, Myrmillo, and Retiarius. Samnite The Samnites were named after the great Samnite warriors that Rome defeated in the early years of the republic, and they are most heavily armed of the four main types. After the Samnites became Roman allies, the name was dropped, likely changed to the secutor (pursuer) although that is somewhat debated. Their weapon and armor included: Scutum: a large oblong shield made from three sheets of wood, glued together and topped with a leather or canvas coating.Galea: plumed helmet with a visor and small eye holesGladius: short sword called divides the throat, one of several words for a sword, used primarily by Roman foot soldiers but also by gladiators; probably a celtic word from which the term gladiator comesManicae: leather elbow or wristbandsGreaves: leg armor that went from ankle to just below the knee. Traex (plural Thraces) The Thraces were named after another enemy of Rome, and they usually fought in pairs against the Mirmillones. Artemidorus warned that if a man dreamed he was fighting a Traex, his wife would be rich (because the Traexs body was completely covered by armor); crafty (because he carries a curved scimitar); and fond of being first (because of a Traexs advancing techniques). Armor used by the Thraces included: Small rectangular shieldSica: curved scimitar-shaped dagger designed for slicing attacks on an opponentGaleaManicaeGreaves Mirmillo (spelled Myrmillo, Murmillo and plural Murmillones) A mumillo stands triumphant, in a 4th century CE mosiac from Torrenova. Corbis / Getty Images Murmillones were the fish men, who wore a large helmet with a fish on its crest, armor with leather or metal scales, and a straight Greek-styled sword. He was heavily armored, with a massive helmet with tiny eye slits and he was often paired with the Retiarii. The Murmillones carried: Cassis crista, a heavy bronze helmet used to protect the faceGaleaManicae  but made of mailOcrea: shin guards Retiarius (plural Retiarii) Retiarius fights and wins against another, in this Roman mosiac from Torrenova. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images The Retiarii or net men usually fought with weapons modeled on the tools of a fisherman. They only wore armor on the arm and shoulder, leaving legs and head exposed. They most commonly fought the secutor and murmillo  or one another. The Roman satirist Juvenal describes a disgraced nobleman named Gracchus who trained as a retiarius because he was too proud to wear defensive armor or use offensive weapons and refused to wear a helmet that would have hidden his shame. Artemidorus  said that men who dreamed of battles with the retiarii were sure to find a wife who was poor and wanton, roaming about for any man who wanted her. The Retiarii carried: Retes: a weighted net used to entangle the opponentFascina: long, three-pronged trident which was thrown like a harpoonGalerus: (metal shoulder piece)Short quilted tunics Secutor Engraving of Ancient Roman Gladiators Fighting, Retiarius vs. Secutor.    Secutors were armed almost exactly like a murmillo, except that they had a smooth helmet that wouldnt get entangled with the nets of the retiarii. Aremidorus reports that the man who dreamed of fighting with a secutor was sure to get a woman who was attractive and rich, but proud and disdainful of her husband. The armor of the Secutors included: Loincloth with a leather beltDistinctive simple helmetGaleaManicaeOcrea Provacator (pl. Provacatores) Provacator battles a retiarii, mosaic from the 3rd century CE. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images A Provacator (or challenger) was dressed as a legionnaire during the Republic era but later stripped down in elegance. The Provacatores starred in what were considered the best battles, and they mostly fought each other. The Roman dream analyst said that dreams of fighting this man meant you would get a wife who is attractive and graceful, but also flirtatious and wanton. Provacatores were armed with: GaleaRound top helmet with circular eye grates and feather plumages on either side of the headHighly decorated square scutum (shield)Cardiophylax: small breastplate, usually rectangular or crescent-shaped.ManicaeGreaves Eques (pl. Equites) Equites fought on horseback, they were essentially gladiator cavalrymen, who were lightly armed and only fought one another. Artemidorus said that dreaming of battle with an eques meant you would have a bride who was rich and noble but of limited intelligence. Equites carried or wore: Sword or a spearMedium sized shieldBrimmed helmet with two decorative feathers and no crest Gladiators of Lesser Fame The dimachaerii (two-knife men) were armed with two short scimitar blades (siccae) designed for slicing attacks on an opponent. Reports of the armor they carry range from nothing but a loincloth or a belt to a wide variety of armor including chain mail.The essadarii (chariot men) fought with a spear or gladius from war chariots in the fashion of the Celts, introduced by Julius Caesar when he got back from GaulThe hoplomachii (armored fighters) wore a helmet and basic arm and leg protection, a small round shield called a parmula, a gladius, a short dagger known as a pugio, and a gladius graecus, a leaf-shaped sword used only by them.The laquearii (lasso men) used a noose or a lasso.Velites or skirmishers hurled missiles and fought on foot.A scissor fought with a specialized short knife with two blades in the shape of an open pair of scissors without the hinge.Catervarii battled each other in groups, rather than one-on-one.Cestus fought with their fists, which were wrapped in leather w rappings studded with spikes. Crupellarii were trainee slaves who wore heavy armor of iron making it hard for them to fight, rapidly exhausted and easily dispatched.Noxii were criminals who fought animals or each other: They were not really armed and so not really gladiators.Anadabatae wore helmets without eyeholes. Sources Barton, Carlin A. The Scandal of the Arena. Representations 27 (1989): 1–36. Print.Carter, Michael. Artemidorus and the á ¼Ë†Ã ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ®ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±Ãâ€º Gladiator. Zeitschrift fur  Papyrologie und Epigraphik 134 (2001): 109–15. Print.Carter, M. J. Gladiatorial Combat: The Rules of Engagement. The Classical Journal 102.2 (2006): 97–114. Print.Neubauer, Wolfgang, et al. The Discovery of the School of Gladiators at Carnuntum, Austria. Antiquity 88 (2014): 173–90. Print.Oliver, James Henry. Symmachi, Homo Felix. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 25 (1957): 7–15. Print.Reid, Heather L. Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 33.1 (2006): 37–49. Print.

Attitude of the Socrates towards the gods in Euthyphro Essay

Attitude of the Socrates towards the gods in Euthyphro - Essay Example "But I will not change the definition to say that what all the gods hate is unholy, and what they all love is holy and what some of them love and another hate is both or neither" (Biffle 14).This paper seeks to analyze the attitude that Socrates has over the gods in Euthyphro. The discussion concerns the virtue that is usually considered as a manner of the living that helps to complete one's role either at the individual level or to God. It is of a specific interest as far as the fate of the Socrates is concerned even though he has been charged with impiety, and he is almost facing trial before the court to determine whether he is guilty or innocent. He is quite sure that most of the Athenian people has little understanding of the very nature of piety or impiety and thus forcing Socrates to ask Euthyphro a question about his understanding of the piety. He has a good reason for doing this: he wants to justify if Euthyphro is really wise as he usually claims to be, and if he is not Socrates is very ready to expose the depth of his claim. Euthyphro has a good reputation amongst his people of being very wise, a soothsayer, and he is also known to be a diviner. On his role as a teacher, he instructs his people on both political and moral issues and even on the practical problems of the daily life.

Sustainability in IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainability in IT - Essay Example The economic perspective of sustainability is about creating a long lasting trade system. On the other hand, corporate suitability is about focusing on the impact of business on the environment and society. The adoption of principles pertaining to sustainable development is therefore extremely important (Newsome, Moore and Dowling, 2002, p. 303). Nevertheless, in reality sustainability and business do not makes a good pair as organizations often struggle to implement sustainability measures. IT Industry and Software Engineering Information technology can be portrayed as a tool which is used to record, store, classify and process data into meaningful information. The information or the process data is then used for different application. Software Engineering is another major area of the IT industry. It is defined as the application of a quantifiable, disciplined and systematic approach towards the development, design and maintenance of a software package. In software engineering, sust ainability is a crucial factor. Although software engineering does not have any direct impact on the ecology due to its virtual nature, the procedure employed for creating it impacts the environment. The IT industry has been a major producer of wastages basically due to its shorter product life cycle. Therefore, depending upon this phenomenon IT companies throughout the world are trying their best to embrace sustainable growth. Sustainability in IT industry Although the large number of studies has been carried out about sustainability, the studies related to the impact and advantage of sustainability on the IT industry have been hardly done before. With buzzwords such as ‘Green computing’ and ‘Green IT’ the relationship between IT and sustainability got strengthened. The primary rationale behind adopting sustainability in IT is not only due to the rules of government, but companies are also becoming socially and environmentally responsible. Now to illustrat e the subject of the project in broader way, a particular company which practices sustainable development will be chosen. Once the company gets determined, the topic will be addressed in the context of the company. On reviewing various IT companies around the world the appropriate company for this project is IBM. Discussion & Analysis Principles of Sustainability Sustainability has always been a subject that has discussed along with corporate social responsibility. The principles of sustainability are highly dependent on the aspects of corporate social responsibility. In general, there are six sustainability principles which help a community to ensure social, environmental, and economic systems get well integrated. The principles of sustainability are as follows: 1. Maintain and try to improve the living standards of the residents. The quality of life one leads is highly dependent upon the community where the individual lives. Some of the vital components of a community include heal th care, education, housing, income, legal rights and employments. Hence it becomes the duty of the organization to look after the welfare of the society and preserve the environment where it is presently operating. 2. Try to enhance the economic vitality of the community. In order to achieve sustainability, it is imperative to have a viable local economy. Furthermore, the economy which is sustainable also remains diversified so that it does not get disturbed by any of the external or internal disasters. Therefore,

Female Infanticides Essay Example for Free

Female Infanticides Essay For many decades China has been carrying out brutal actions among female infants which are known to be female infanticides. Female infanticides started in 1957 when China’s Chairman Mao Zedong wanted the country’s population to stay under six million for many years (Jimmerson). Leaders then came to a realization that a long term action would have to take place. Therefore they proposed a law stating that a couple could only have one child and two at the most if the net household income increased (Jimmerson). When this law was proposed, families pushed for males, this led to a significant decrease in the female population in the rural areas of China. As women were starting to become pregnant under the new one child law, they wanted to give birth to males. Reasoning behind this was the males carried on the family name, they were the ones that honored their ancestors, and the ones to take care of their parents as they got older (Jimmerson). Because of the great demand for male babies the women sought to find out ultrasonically whether they were having a daughter or a son (Schorn). The woman would go to the closest village in her town where they do an ultrasound to figure out if she was having a baby girl or boy (Schorn). If the woman found out she was giving birth to a girl, she would do one of two things to get rid of the baby. She would either have a sex-selective abortion, or once the baby is born the family would neglected and mistreat the girl until she was killed. Sex-selective abortion is when the baby is killed inside the mother’s stomach before birth only because tests show that a female would be born. Then if the mother chose to keep the girl, in most cases she would be severely abused before the age of three (Banister). Those choices would be continuously made until the couple has a boy or if the couple gives up on having children. When they cannot have any more children because of age or just want to stop trying those are the only cases in which the girl stays alive and healthy (Lee). There are numerous ways that the Chinese neglect and kill the young girls of their society. Such ways include starvation, snapping of the spinal cord, wrapping tightly until uffocation occurs, poisoning, strangling, and even drowning (Shelton). Some families have been known to leave the baby girls in or near dumpsters. Chen Rong shared with BBC News her findings of five baby girls in a dumpster over a number of years. Rong said, â€Å"Another scavenger had taken her clothes and left the little girl to die I was the only one to pick her up; I could not see her die. † Rong has taken the little girls she has found back to her one- room brick shack and attempts to nourish them back to health (Brookes). If the little girls are found by Rong, that is their only chance at life. Rong is not the only citizen finding female infants in dumpsters. A premature infant that doctors said to be between 32 and 34 weeks old and was only three pounds was found in a plastic bag with the placenta and umbilical cord still attached (unknown author). Not only was the premature infant in a plastic bag with everything attached to her, but she had a cut in her throat that was about two inches deep and lead from the skin to her windpipe (unknown author). Since China has continued running its country under the one child law, the ratio of females to males has significantly decreased. According to the 1990 census there are 117 boys per 100 girls (Banister). Also the females of the country have a higher reported infant mortality rate at 118 (Banister). Also statistically there have been over four million births prevented (unknown author). China is calling this the Missing-Girl Phenomenon (Banister). No country should support or be involved with these disturbing actions, therefore 132 out of 196 countries are for eliminating all forms of discrimination against women and 68 countries are against torture and other cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment of punishment (Peck). Peck also says that, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal†¦ No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel punishment. † Yet children are among those who suffer most from human rights abuse (Peck). Female infanticides are most common in China and India yet it still happens in Nepal, Great Britain, Canada, South Korea, and even the United States (Shelton). â€Å"When a child is born its race, gender, religious views, and culture determine its destiny† (Peck). No matter what country, gender, race, or religion, a child should not have to go through horrible torture like the children of China. Female infanticides are among the worst of all types of abuse out there in the world today. Still so many countries in the world are known for abusing innocent little children. Children should not be put into a situation at an age where they cannot make a decision on their own, nor should they have to face this horrible abuse no matter what age they are. Everyone deserves to live a care-free life.

Cookies & Privacy :: essays research papers fc

Data Communications â€Å"Cookies and their Impact on Privacy†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s fast paced world of internet commerce it would be hard to accomplish many of the tasks without the creation of â€Å"cookies.† Since their advent, cookies have been given a bad name and associated immediately with a loss of privacy. In April of 2001 a newspaper article defined cookies as, â€Å"†¦programs that Web sites put on your hard disk. They sit on your computer gathering information about you and everything you do on the Internet, and whenever the Web site wants to it can download all of the information the cookie has collected.† (www.howstuffworks.com) This article could not be any farther from the truth. Cookies are not programs and do not perform any actions as they sit on your hard drive. According to Netscape, â€Å"Cookies are a general mechanism which server side connections (such as CGI scripts) can use to both store and retrieve information on the client side of the connection. The addition of a simple, persist ent, client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of Web-based client/server applications.† As cookies have emerged to the forefront their association with their user’s privacy has become more of an issue as time progresses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though cookies serve an important role in today’s e-commerce and advertising industries, it is impossible not to think of them as a breach in user security. There is something about a seemingly forced piece of information being saved on your computer for the use of a computer hundreds or even thousands of miles away. One can only think of one word. Privacy. Who’s to say that company’s are using the information gathered by these cookies and using them for good. How do I know that you are collecting cookies for your own advertising or e-commercial purposes rather than probing me as a candidate for the ever-present adware? Do I want vendors to know exactly what it is I usually shop for when I get online? Do I really need to save my shopping time by one or two clicks with the sacrifice of decreased privacy? These are questions that each user asks themselves when we look at our internet security settings or when we are denied access to a site based on our cookie settings. Many companies have been labeled with improper actions concerning cookies. A company named DoubleClick was forced to reach a settlement in 2002 for improper conduct concerning cookies.

Impacting police policies

Policing † measured by: trends, practices, practices† Question How did post 9/1 1 Terrorism Policies impact modern police policies, practices? Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe the concept of the post 9/1 1 terrorism policies, and how they impacted community policing. The knowledge gained can assist in the development and evaluation of improved emergency responses and police, community relationships. The literature includes many definitions of policing, some of which have been derived by studying various organizations and their police culture.This summary highlights overall broad definitions and goes beyond definitions specific to upcoming issues with the community police organizations. This is an important topic for society because it will give a better understanding of how police will interact and respond to the community and the need for assistance. According to scholar Eggnog Bittern's definition of the police, which defines the police in terms of th eir capacity to use nonnegotiable coercive force in any situation that appears to require a prompt and decisive response (Willis, 2014).Many findings hold promise for police concerned about problems in the near future. Data from a study conducted by John P. Crank, Colleen Saddled and Came M. Kiosks show that the biggest problem coming in the next 10 years for police: the continued expansion of the boundaries of the police function. The panelist of scholars suggested that focusing on innovation technology and the professionalism model of policing using COMPOSTS and surveillance imaging will best address it. In addition to focusing on innovation technology and the professionalism model using COMPOSTS and surveillance imaging.The margins of police include: intelligence and privacy, security and crime control, cultural and roommate changes, and the expansion of the institution of formal crime control. The panelist forecast on expansion of police functions is in the areas of community po licing, terrorism and security, technology change, sub population bias issues, militarism. The study was an ensemble effort designed to identify principal issues facing the police in the USA over the next 10 years. This data was collected using an expert panel methodology to assess significant issues affecting police in the near term future.Fourteen established scholars agreed to participate in the survey The authors collected responses to surveys sent to the fourteen panelist experts for data. The panelist responded through email and phone. This data was collected and organized under topics. The authors are affiliated with the University of Nebraska Omaha it was published on October 5, 2010 One particular area where police duties are expanding is in the area of intelligence and privacy and technology. Police are better informed than before because intelligence is relaying information through innovated technology.Innovated technology provides police with a more efficient use of info rmation collected and analyzed. The authors also noted that there might be concerns regarding older officers who resent change because they are not tech savvy. The patriot act of 2001 post 9/1 1 law, expanded the use of technology to gather intelligence, thus giving the right to infringe into the publics civil rights. Security and crime control uses a security discourse approach that protects the United States from terrorism. The Patriot Act permitted the expansion of counter terrorism laws to not only suspected terrorists but felons as well.The post 9/1 1 changes allow co- authorship of criminal investigations for counter terrorism between municipal and deader agencies, permitting for a larger based security force. Thus making it harder to deal with community problems as well as federal problems. Police have changed their cultural views on work and how they act and perceive these values. The authors note that a cultural shift in police work from a punitive culture where enforcement of the law and discipline those who break it, to a regulative based culture with health, Juvenile, family service to regulate relationships.The authors note that prisons are costly financially and ineffective. It is suggested that the role to a regulative-based culture based on education and services will be ore effective. Normative changes in the identification of the central roles and missions of the police. The authors note that due to the transition of counter terrorism policing, the police will shift emphasis on security for the public to more for the government. Thus raising concerns for society.The transition of roles and the expansion of police functions consist of a shift to all hazards approach to police work, planning activities around a threat perspective, and implementing intelligence led policing. The professionalism model of policing uses the COMPOSTS model quenches and surveillance imaging will be the best option for future policing. A shift of police professionalis m will act as a stronger version of the current model for policing. Because it will increase invasiveness in the lives of citizen interactions.The innovated technology has improved the crime mapping by face recognition, finger printing, and iris identification. COMPOSTS suggest improvements of crime statistics in the area with crime mapping. The authors note that the expansion of police institutions is growing not because of crime increases, but because of the expansion of police functions, counter terrorism, and minimizing risk. A growing number of researchers recognize the importance of Normative changes in the identification of the central roles and missions of the police, Transitioning to counter terrorism policing.However this transition has its limitations on the correct policies to implement, for instance theses studies fail to include lack of knowledge of technology in older police officers, and because of the sharp downturn in the US economy police technologies will be very limited due to restrictive police budgets. Also the future economic crisis that will place stress on the government, consequently increasing crime and unemployment. Because of the decline of the nation, expanding Jurisdiction to other countries will take effect. The police expansion will consist of local, national, international affairs.The panelist in the issues facing police in the future study suggested that there are hiring concerns in the small and larger agencies because of enlistment of police personnel into the military service, thus limiting the qualified pool for police work The findings hold promise for police concerned about problems in the near future. The implementation of expansion of police work and innovated security technology using COMPOSTS will best address the issues in the future. The expansion of counterterrorism increases a larger security force.The culture change to regulative-based culture may be a viable alternative to the punitive culture, where police w ill find themselves in different environments. Because of the transition to counter terrorism policing, the police will take a shift more towards government affairs instead of public. The police are adaptable and responsive to a technological innovation, utilize the professionalism model of COMPOSTS techniques and surveillance imaging appears to be the way of the future.